What is Dyslexia

Dyslexia is a specific learning disability that is neurological in origin and primarily affects one’s ability to learn to read. Dyslexia is characterized by difficulties with accurate and fluent word recognition and by poor spelling and decoding abilities. Dyslexia varies in degrees of severity and is highly hereditary. It is not uncommon for a child with dyslexia to have an immediate family member who also has this condition. Also, it is not unusual for two or more children in a family to have dyslexia.
Dyslexia is estimated to affect some 20-30 percent of our population. This means that more than 2 million school-age children in the United States are dyslexic. Although children with dyslexia typically have average to above average intelligence, their dyslexia creates problems not only with reading, writing, and spelling but also with speaking, thinking and listening. Many times these academic problems can lead to emotional and self-esteem issues throughout their lives. Low self-esteem can lead to poor grades and underachievement. Dyslexic students are often considered lazy, rebellious or unmotivated. These misconceptions cause rejection, isolation, feelings of inferiority and discouragement.

The central difficulty for dyslexic students is poor phonemic awareness. Phonemic awareness is the ability to appreciate that spoken language is made up of sound segments (phonemes). In other words, a dyslexic student’s brain has trouble breaking a word down into its individual sounds and manipulating these sounds. For example, in a word with three sounds, a dyslexic might only perceive one or two.  Most researchers and teachers agree that developing phonemic awareness is the first step in learning to read. It cannot be skipped. When children begin to learn to read, they first must come to recognize that the word on the page has the same sound structure as the spoken word it represents. However, because dyslexics have difficulty recognizing the internal sound structure of the spoken word, to begin with, it is very difficult for them to convert the letters of the alphabet into a phonetic code (decoding).

Although dyslexia can impair spelling and decoding abilities, it also seems to be associated with many strengths and talents. People with dyslexia often have significant strengths in areas controlled by the right side of the brain. These include artistic, athletic and mechanical gifts. Individuals with dyslexia tend to be very bright and creative thinkers. They have a knack for thinking, “outside-the-box.” Many dyslexics have strong 3-D visualization ability, musical talent, creative problem-solving skills and intuitive people skills. Many are gifted in math, science, fine arts, journalism, and other creative fields.

Symptoms

Preschoolers

• Late talking, compared to other children
• Pronunciation problems, reversal of sounds in words (such as ‘aminal’ for ‘animal’ or ‘gabrage’ for ‘garbage’)
• Slow vocabulary growth, often unable to find the right word (takes a while to get the words out)
• Difficulty rhyming words
• Trouble learning numbers, the alphabet, days of the week
• Poor ability to follow directions or routines
• Does not understand what you say until you repeat it a few times
• Enjoys being read to but shows no interest in words or letters
• Has weak fine motor skills (in activities such as drawing, tying laces, cutting, and threading)
• Unstable pencil grip
• Slow to learn new skills, relies heavily on memorization

School-Age Children

• Has good memory skills
• Has not shown a dominant handedness
• Seems extremely intelligent but weak in reading
• Reads a word on one page but doesn’t recognize it on the next page or the next day
• Confuses look-alike letters like b and d, b and p, n and u, or m and w.
• Substitutes a word while reading that means the same thing but doesn’t look at all similar, like “trip” for “journey” or “mom” for “mother.”
• When reading leaves out or adds small words like “an, a, from, the, to, were, are and of.”
• Reading comprehension is poor because the child spends so much energy trying to figure out words.
• Might have problems tracking the words on the lines, or following them across the pages.
• Avoids reading as much as possible
• Writes illegibly
• Writes everything as one continuous sentence
• Does not understand the difference between a sentence and a fragment of a sentence
• Misspells many words
• Uses odd spacing between words. Might ignore margins completely and pack sentences together on the page instead of spreading them out
• Does not notice spelling errors
• Is easily distracted or has a short attention span
• Is disorganized
• Have difficulties making sense of instructions
• Fails to finish work on time
• Appears lazy, unmotivated, or frustrated

Teenagers

• Avoids reading and writing
• Guesses at words and skips small words
• Has difficulties with reading comprehension
• Does not do homework
• Might say that they are “dumb” or “couldn’t care less”
• Is humiliated
• Might hide dyslexia by being defiant or using self-abusive behavior

Adults

• Avoids reading and writing
• Types letters in the wrong order
• Have difficulties filling out forms
• Mixes up numbers and dates
• Has low self-esteem
• Might be a high school dropout
• Holds a job below their potential and changes jobs frequently

Treatment

The sooner a child with dyslexia is given proper instruction, particularly in the very early grades, the more likely it is that they will have fewer or milder difficulties later in life.

Older students or adults with dyslexia that are far behind will need intensive tutoring in reading, writing, and spelling using an Orton-Gillingham program. During this training, students will overcome many reading difficulties and learn strategies that will last a lifetime.

Reading instruction for the dyslexic child must be delivered with great intensity.  Children diagnosed with dyslexia are behind in their reading levels and for them to catch up with their classmates will need to make a big leap forward or else they will remain behind.  Optimally, a child who is struggling with reading and is far behind his or her peers, should be taught one-on-one and should receive this specialized reading instruction 10-15 hours a week.  A larger group or less time will greatly undermine the possibilities of success.

This specialized tutoring helps dyslexic students become successful in reading, writing, spelling and comprehension.